Nursing & Primary Healthcare

Care of patients before, during, and after surgical procedures is the responsibility of operational nursing, commonly referred to as perioperative nursing. Operative nurses work with the surgical team, which includes the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and other medical experts, to provide patients undergoing surgery with high-quality, secure care.

Operative nurses are in charge of setting up the operating room, sterilising tools and equipment, making sure all necessary supplies are on hand, and keeping an eye on the patient's vital signs while the surgery is being performed. The patient and their family may also receive emotional support from them while they help with other tasks like situating the patient on the operating table, giving drugs, and preparing the patient for surgery.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inappropriate for an individual's age and developmental level. These symptoms interfere with an individual's ability to function effectively in multiple settings, such as at school, work, or in social situations.

What makes ADHD unique is that it affects individuals differently and can patent in various ways, making it a complex and multifaceted disorder. Some people with ADHD may mainly struggle with inattention, while others may have more prominent hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Additionally, ADHD can coexist with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or learning disorders, making it interesting to diagnose and treat effectively.

It is essential to note that ADHD is not a result of poor parenting or a lack of effort. It is a real and valid condition that can significantly impact an individual's daily life. With proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that outbreaks and weakens the immune system of the human body. It primarily targets CD4 cells, which are a type of white blood cells that play a crucial role in fighting off infections and diseases.

HIV is transmitted over bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common ways of diffusion are through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is the final and most severe stage of the contagion. AIDS fades the immune system to the point where it can no longer fight off infections and diseases, and this can lead to life-threatening illnesses.

There is currently no cure for HIV, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the virus and prevent it from progressing to AIDS. With appropriate treatment, people living with HIV can lead healthy and productive lives. It's important to get tested regularly and practice safe sex to prevent the spread of the virus.

Reproductive health refers to the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or frailty, in all matters involving to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. This includes the ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life, the ability to reproduce and the liberty to decide if, when and how often to do so.

Sexual health, on the other hand, refers to a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It includes a positive and respectful method to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the probability of having satisfying and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. Sexual health also includes the ability to access and use information, services and resources related to sexual health, and to make informed decisions about one's sexual and reproductive life.

The clinical nurse is the first caregiver to initiate wound care and evaluate changes in the skin of a patient. It can be difficult because patients have a variety of disorders and tissue damage can range from superficial to deep. These nurses, however, provide an appropriate treatment plan by applying a few basic principles, beginning with a skin and wound assessment.

• Burn Care Nursing
• Dermatology Nursing
• Infection Control Nursing

Women's health differs from men's in numerous ways. Women's health is an example of population health, which the World Health Organization defines as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, rather than the absence of disease or infirmity." Many groups argue for a broader definition pertaining to women's overall health, better expressed as "the health of women," which is often treated as simply women's reproductive health. These disparities are exacerbated in developing countries, where women's health, which includes both risks and experiences, is further disadvantaged.

• Fertility Nursing
• Labor and Delivery Nursing
• Obstetrics OB/GYN Nursing

The top peer-reviewed publication for cutting-edge telemedicine applications that promote the best possible patient care and outcomes is Telemedicine and e-Health. It focuses particularly on how telemedicine affects the standard, efficiency, and accessibility of healthcare. Telemedicine and e-Health provides timely coverage of technological developments that give doctors, hospitals, and medical facilities new and creative ways to manage patient care, electronic records, and medical billing. Continuous improvements in mobile joint collaboration would enable human health specialists from different fields to exchange knowledge and talk about patient difficulties as if they were in the same location.

• Informatics Nursing

A surgical nurse, also known as a theatre nurse or scrub nurse, is a perioperative care specialist who looks after patients before, during, and after surgery. To become a theatre nurse, Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses must complete additional training. Theatre nurses can focus their efforts in a variety of speciality areas based on their interests.

The theatre nurse is required to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anaesthetists, and nurse practitioners during surgery. The nurse must help with the patient's and operating room's pre-operative preparation. During surgery, they assist the anaesthetist and surgeons as needed. Post-operative care is the final stage, which ensures that patients receive adequate care.

• Plastic Surgery Nursing
• Operating Room Nursing
• Radiology Nursing

The specialty of nursing known as "mental health nursing" focuses on treating patients who are suffering from mental trauma, such as psychosis, manic depression, or depression. There are many ways to protest how mental health concerns came to be studied, what causes them, and that pharmaceuticals are the best solutions.

• Rehabilitation Nursing
• Trauma Nursing

Pharmacology, which draws on knowledge from various sciences, is the study of how pharmaceuticals work. Drugs can be categorised according to how they work on the body, how they affect the body chemically, or both. Drug trade names as well as generic names must be known to nurses. The study of life sciences has a direct impact on the pharmaceutical business because it is used to develop prescription medications, vaccines, and over-the-counter medicines. Clinical studies are carried out to guarantee that newly produced goods are tested on how effectively they function on people suffering from the diseases or disorders they are intended to treat.

Previously, it was believed that the nursing profession focused on the most severe care for seriously ill or vulnerable patients. A practical (as opposed to academic) sub-order of the study of disease transmission is concerned with preventing nosocomial or human services associated contamination. This is done through disease anticipation and nursing consideration. When caring for newborns who require intensive medical attention and who are frequently admitted to a special area of the hospital called the Neonatal Concentrated Care and Nursing Care, palliative nursing techniques are also implemented.

Oral hygiene is the practise of regularly brushing one's teeth and cleaning between the teeth to keep one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems. Oral hygiene must be practised on a regular basis in order to prevent dental disease and bad breath. Tooth decay (cavities, dental caries) and gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis are the most common types of dental disease.

Oral hygiene is the practise of regularly brushing one's teeth and cleaning between the teeth to keep one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems. Oral hygiene must be practised on a regular basis in order to prevent dental disease and bad breath. Tooth decay (cavities, dental caries) and gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis are the most common types of dental disease.

Patients with cancer and those who are at risk for developing it are cared for by cancer nurses. They examine physical problems; write prescriptions, and control chemotherapy and other forms of treatment. One of the most demanding and lucrative nursing specialties is oncology.

An array of settings, including emergency rooms, outpatient clinics, private offices, long-term care institutions, and more, are used by oncology nurses in their profession. The scope of oncology nursing includes prevention, early detection, therapy (such as surgery, radiation, and medical oncology), management of side effects, and palliative consideration.

The goals of cardiac nursing are to prevent and manage heart-related illnesses. The cardiac department's nurses provide care for medical or surgical patients in inpatient or outpatient settings, comprehend people going through acute illness, or assist them in managing chronic disease. Under the supervision of a cardiologist, cardiac nurses assist in the treatment of conditions such as unstable angina, arterial coronary disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cardiac dysrhythmia.

• Cardiac Nursing

Nursing education focuses on teaching nurses how to examine patients, administer various medications, and provide the best care possible with the goal of developing the nursing profession, where nurses must be prepared to meet the needs of a wide range of patients, act as leaders, and advance science that benefits patients and, as a result, the ability of health professionals to provide safe, high-quality patient care.

• Developmental Disability Nursing


• Research Nursing

Many of the old techniques and provider roles are evolving, and nurse education has undergone a process of divergence towards advanced and specialised identifications.

Their broad scope of practise and method of providing medical aid set them apart from other healthcare professionals. Nurses are in charge of providing ongoing care to patients, and they want to assess their health and aid in a speedy recovery. The role of a nurse includes:

• Promote health and prevent diseases


• Involve in healthcare teaching


• Contribute within the provision of healthcare

A unique section of the nursing profession is neuroscience nursing. It focuses on providing care for people who have illnesses of the nerve system, spine, and brain. Work environments for neuroscience nurses are diverse and include everything from skilled nursing facilities to rehabilitation centres to epilepsy monitoring units.

A registered nurse (RN) with experience in psychological well-being must have completed a four-year nursing programme in order to work as a psychiatric medical nurse. Check the government's instructions because degrees vary between countries.

• 
  Radiology Nursing

Neonatal Intensive Care is the care of newborns to young adults. When dealing with patients, paediatric doctors and nurses must exercise extreme caution and maintain constant observation. Nurses must record all vital signs while also working on their communication skills with patients. However, when dealing with neonatal patients, specialised nurses and registered practitioners are required to work with these vulnerable patients, such as those with birth defects, heart problems, infections, and so on.

The mission of Legal Nursing is to provide nurses with a venue for discussion and education on contemporary law and how it relates to their profession. A legal and ethical obligation surrounds and encompasses everything a nurse does. There is a need for venues that provide nurses the chance to discuss and think through the consequences of their legal obligations.

• Health Policy Nursing

The only factors directly related to the COVID-19 outbreak and associated with a positive variation in nurses' symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were the fear of infecting others and the fear of being infected (a higher fear of being infected or infecting someone corresponded to increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.

The main focus of nursing in relation to more mature adults is known as gerontology nursing. Gerontology remedial supervisors work in conjunction with more mature adults, their families, and social gatherings to support healthy development, remarkable performance, and personal fulfilment.

With a wider focus on flourishing and prosperity, regardless of pain, the word "gerontological nursing," this replaced the phrase “geriatric nursing” in the 1970s, is seen as being even clearer. Gerontological nursing is essential to meet the success needs of a creating mass.

Using the most recent, pertinent research on the subject in conjunction with one's own clinical skills, evidence-based nursing produces high-quality decisions and nursing care. Evidence-based practise serves as the foundation for this strategy.

The goals of evidence-based nursing are to enhance patients' health and wellbeing while also delivering care in a way that is economical to improve outcomes for both the patient and the healthcare system. The objective of evidence-based nursing is the gathering, interpreting, assessing, and integrating of reliable, clinically relevant, and useful research.

Four types of research are utilised in EBP. They are:-

• 
  Controlled, randomised studies.


• 
  Information gathered through cohort, case-control, or observational research.


• 
  Clinical experts' opinions that are backed up by data from experiences, research, or committee reports.


• 
  First-hand knowledge.

In the twenty-first century, nurses are becoming increasingly entrepreneurial, and many of them now understand that they may launch small, medium, and large businesses at any stage of their careers. Nursing entrepreneurs can launch new ventures within the medical services sector by using their commercial acumen and nursing training. They could be useful in growing, developing, and managing their own businesses. Some professionals can even use their expertise to design medical devices, mechanical structures, or home health products. Some crucial skills are required to start out as a nurse entrepreneur, including creativity, a business-minded mind-set, and the ability to get funding and Independent Nurse Contracting.

Patients who experience injury or trauma in an emergency are cared for by emergency nurses. These nurses are equipped to assist and resolve dangerous situations as soon as they arise. They may work in hospital emergency rooms, clinic emergency rooms, ambulances, chopper emergency rooms, urgent care facilities, and more.

All critically ill patients are given the best care possible for their illnesses and wounds by basic care nurses. They use their specific skills, in-depth understanding of the human body, and most recent advancements in the field to do that. Although hospitals are where most critical care nurses work, they can also be found in nursing homes, outpatient clinics, and flight units.

• 
  Ambulatory Care Nursing


• 
  ICU Nursing

Organizing, outlining, maintaining, and disseminating information, knowledge, care, and prognosis in nursing practise is the goal of nursing informatics (NI), a virtue that combines nursing science with other data association and indicative sciences. Customers, patients, members of the medical services association, and other partners in all execution and environment are under the basic authority of nursing informatics. This assistance uses insight, knowledge advancement, and insight mechanisms skilfully

A Dental Nurse supports the dentist in all aspects of patient’s dental care. A dental nurse works with the dental team, technicians/technologists, hygienists and therapists to treat patients of all ages. Need to reassure people and put them at calm, while supporting the team in all aspects of patient health and care. Comportment is viewed as unpredictable when it is atypical, out of the commonplace, causes a disability, or comprises of undesirable deportment. This section in several Nursing Conferences and Nursing Meetings addresses basic and current concepts of oral health, Cosmetic dentistry, Paediatric dentistry, new research and innovations in dental science.

The care of subjects taking part in clinical research is the main emphasis of clinical research nursing. Clinical research nurses play a crucial role in ensuring participant safety, ongoing maintenance of informed consent, and reliability of protocol implementation, accuracy of data collection, data recording, and follow-up, in addition to delivering and organising clinical care. The care that research participants receive is determined by the needs of the study, the gathering of research data, and clinical indications. Clinical research nurses must continuously strike a compromise between the requirements for protocol integrity and data quality and the clinical requirements, participant comfort, and safety.

The midwife is regarded as a conscientious and accountable professional who collaborates with expectant mothers to provide the essential support, care, and guidance throughout pregnancy, at work, and during the postpartum period. She also gives birth on her own initiative and takes care of the new-borns.
Delivering and preparing the woman and her family for pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding, and parenthood, including specific aspects of women's health, family planning, and baby well-being, are among the responsibilities of a midwife. A midwife can perform their duties anywhere, including at home, in a group setting, a hospital, a clinic, or a health centre.

• Home Health Nursing